Cognitive Performance
Research compounds studied for BDNF upregulation, anxiety reduction, synaptic plasticity, and neuroprotection. Primarily intranasal peptides with fast onset.
Most researched for Cognitive Performance
Semax
The most accessible and well-documented cognitive peptide in this category. Developed at the Russian Institute of Molecular Genetics and approved pharmaceutically in Russia. Research shows BDNF and NGF upregulation, dopaminergic activity enhancement, and neuroprotective effects. Fast onset via intranasal administration with a strong research base behind it.
Body Protection Compound-157
aka BPC-157, BPC 157, Pentadecapeptide BPC 157, PL-14736
How it works: Reduces oxidative stress and inflammation while preventing apoptosis-driven cell death in ischemic tissue.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury protection, skeletal muscle injury recovery, oxidative stress mitigation
Research dose
20-20 µg/kg, Once or twice daily
Administration
Intraperitoneal injection
Timing
Morning fasted or near injury site
Cycle length
4-12 weeks
Common side effects: No major adverse effects reported in available studies
Community take: Preclinical research demonstrates BPC-157 has significant cytoprotective potential in ischemia-reperfusion injury models, though clinical translation remains uncertain and larger studies are needed.
- Half-life
- Approximately 4 hours (estimated from animal studies)
- Storage
- Dry: Lyophilized powder: Store at -20°C. Reconstituted solution: Store at 2-8°C (refrigerated) and use within 4 weeks. Protect from light.
- Reconstitution
- Bacteriostatic water
- Contraindications
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding (no safety data); Active cancer (theoretical concerns about growth factors); Autoimmune conditions (potential immune modulation); Children and adolescents (no pediatric data)Frequency distribution of reported s
- Secondary uses
- Angiogenesis support, anti-inflammatory effects, interstitial cystitis
- Research status
- Preclinical (rat model study, 2026)
- FDA status
- Not approved; regulatory restrictions noted
- Legal status
- US: Research use only; PCAC review July 2026
- Research evidence
- low
- Indications
- Gastrointestinal healing and protection (preclinical); Tendon and ligament repair research (preclinical); Musculoskeletal injury recovery (preclinical); Wound healing and tissue repair (preclinical); Neuroprotection and spinal cord injury (preclinical)
- Chemical data
- CAS 137525-51-0 · C62H98N16O22 · 1419.53 Da
- Amino acids
- 59 aa
Thymosin Beta-4
aka Tβ4, Tβ4, TB-4
How it works: The naturally occurring source protein of TB-500; promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory signaling throughout the body.
Corneal nerve regeneration, wound repair in bacterial keratitis, visual function restoration
Research dose
1-5 mg, 2×/week
Real-world (reported)
2–5 mg SubQ 2×/week. Same protocols as TB-500 community.
Administration
Topical (eye drops)
Timing
Any time
Cycle length
4–8 weeks
Real-world figures are community-reported, not medical advice.
Common side effects: Lethargy; head rush; rare injection-site reactions
Community take: Peer-reviewed preclinical research demonstrates adjunctive Tβ4 + ciprofloxacin restores corneal nerve integrity and visual function in bacterial keratitis, with combination therapy outperforming monotherapy approaches.
- Onset
- Wound/tissue healing 2–4 wks
- Half-life
- ~45 min
- Storage
- Dry: Freeze –20°C; fridge ≤12 mo; light sensitive · Reconstituted: Refrigerate; use within 28 days
- Reconstitution
- Add 2 mL BAC water to 5 mg vial = 2.5 mg/mL
- Rare side effects
- Theoretical tumor progression (angiogenic); very high cost vs LKKTETQ fragment
- Contraindications
- Active malignancy; pregnancy
- Drug interactions
- No well-documented interactions
- Recommended bloodwork
- CBC; CMP baseline
- Stacks well with
- Ciprofloxacin (antibiotic; combination therapy significantly outperformed either agent alone)
- Secondary uses
- Hair growth; anti-inflammatory; corneal repair
- Research status
- Phase II Clinical Trials (preclinical mouse model, published 2026)
- FDA status
- Not FDA approved (research stage in US; appears to be in clinical investigation phase in China)
- Legal status
- US: Research use only · UK: Legal for research · Canada: Legal research chemical · Australia: Schedule 4 · EU: Unregulated
- Typical price
- $100–$400 / 5 mg vial
Selank
aka TP-7, TP-7, Selanc, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro
How it works: Modulates anxiety via GABA and serotonin systems while preserving cognitive sharpness.
Anxiety reduction; cognitive enhancement; mood stabilization
Research dose
250-750 mcg, 1–3×/day
Real-world (reported)
Stable; strong niche in nootropic/anxiolytic community
Administration
Intranasal (most common) / SubQ
Timing
Morning and/or midday; can use afternoon (non-stimulant)
Cycle length
4–8 wks cyclical; or 10-day Russian intensive
Real-world figures are community-reported, not medical advice.
Common side effects: No significant serious adverse events in published trials
Community take: [ANECDOTAL] 500–750 mcg intranasal 1–2×/day. Pairs well with Semax 250–500 mcg AM.
- Onset
- Anxiolytic 30–60 min; cumulative effects weeks
- Half-life
- ~5 min plasma; CNS effects longer
- Storage
- Dry: Nasal spray: refrigerate 30 days in-use. Lyophilized: fridge/freeze. · Reconstituted: Nasal spray: cloudiness, smell. Injectable: standard flags.
- Reconstitution
- Injectable: add 1 mL BAC water to 1 mg vial = 1 mg/mL
- Rare side effects
- Severe depression requiring Rx treatment (consult physician); pregnancy
- Contraindications
- CNS depressants (additive); anxiolytics (additive); Pregnancy and lactation (no human safety data available); Active bleeding disorders or concurrent anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy (Sela; Known hypersensitivity to tuftsin-derived peptidesFrequency distribution of repo; Benzodiazepines and CNS depressants: Selank modulates GABAergic signaling and ma
- Drug interactions
- No standard BW; baseline anxiety assessment
- Recommended bloodwork
- Semax: complementary (Selank anxiolysis + Semax focus). DSIP: sleep/recovery synergy.
- Stacks well with
- [ANECDOTAL – r/Nootropics, Longecity] 'Liquid calm.' No dependence reported. Popular for social anxiety, public speaking.
- Secondary uses
- Immunomodulation; antidepressant-like; PTSD support; memory enhancement
- Research status
- Russian approval (generalized anxiety, neurasthenia); limited Western trials; preclinical robust
- FDA status
- No (Russia: approved)
- Legal status
- US: Legal for research; not scheduled MDA/PSA · UK: Legal research chemical · Canada: Schedule 4 · Australia: Unregulated most EU; Russia: approved OTC · EU: Limitless Biotech; CosmoChem; nootropic vendors
- Typical price
- ~$0.75–$2.25 / 500 mcg dose
- Research evidence
- low
- Indications
- Anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder research; Nootropic and cognitive enhancement studies; Immunomodulation research; Neurotransmitter system modulation studies
- Chemical data
- CAS 129954-34-3 · C33H57N11O9 · 751.9 Da
- Amino acids
- 7 aa
N-Acetyl Semax
aka NA Semax, Semax Acetate (N-terminal)
How it works: Modified Semax with enhanced potency - acetylation and amidation increase blood-brain barrier penetration and duration.
Enhanced cognitive performance; focus; memory; neuroprotection vs standard Semax
Research dose
200-600 mcg, 1–2×/day
Real-world (reported)
200–400 mcg intranasal morning; some use 1×/day only vs Semax 2×/day.
Administration
Intranasal / SubQ
Timing
Morning; avoid late day
Cycle length
4–8 weeks cyclical
Real-world figures are community-reported, not medical advice.
Common side effects: Mild stimulation; headache; nasal irritation; similar to Semax but usually milder
Community take: [ANECDOTAL – r/Nootropics] Community reports N-Acetyl Semax as more potent and smoother than standard Semax. 'Cleaner and stronger.' Growing preference over standard form.
- Onset
- Cognitive effects 30–60 min
- Half-life
- Longer than Semax (~1h+)
- Storage
- Dry: Fridge or freeze; light sensitive · Reconstituted: Refrigerate; use within 21 days
- Reconstitution
- Intranasal: use as supplied. Injectable: add 1 mL BAC water to 1 mg vial.
- Rare side effects
- Same concerns as Semax; less data on long-term safety
- Contraindications
- Same as Semax
- Drug interactions
- Same as Semax
- Recommended bloodwork
- No standard BW; optional BDNF (research)
- Stacks well with
- Selank: anxiolytic pairing. Cerebrolysin: additive neuroprotection.
- Secondary uses
- Greater BDNF elevation; longer duration of action than Semax
- Research status
- Limited published data vs Semax; based on acetylation pharmacology principle; community-reported superiority
- FDA status
- No
- Legal status
- US: Research use only · UK: Legal for research · Canada: Legal research chemical · Australia: Schedule 4 · EU: Unregulated
- Typical price
- $35–$75 / nasal spray vial
N-Acetyl Selank
aka NA Selank
How it works: A brain-calming nootropic (a more brain-penetrating Selank) that eases anxiety and supports focus by raising GABA and BDNF.
Enhanced anxiolytic effect; cognitive support; mood stabilization
Research dose
200-500 mcg, 1–2×/day
Real-world (reported)
200–400 mcg intranasal 1–2×/day.
Administration
Intranasal / SubQ
Timing
Morning or as needed for anxiety; afternoon OK (non-stimulant)
Cycle length
4–8 weeks cyclical
Real-world figures are community-reported, not medical advice.
Common side effects: Mild sedation; nasal irritation; vivid dreams
Community take: [ANECDOTAL] Preferred by some over standard Selank for stronger effect at lower dose.
- Onset
- Anxiolytic effects 30–60 min
- Half-life
- Longer than Selank
- Storage
- Dry: Fridge or freeze; light sensitive · Reconstituted: Refrigerate; use within 21 days
- Reconstitution
- Intranasal: use as supplied. Injectable: add 1 mL BAC water to 1 mg vial.
- Rare side effects
- Same concerns as Selank
- Contraindications
- Same as Selank
- Drug interactions
- Same as Selank
- Recommended bloodwork
- No standard BW
- Stacks well with
- N-Acetyl Semax: complementary pairing. Semax/NA Semax for focus + NA Selank for calm.
- Secondary uses
- Stronger BDNF effect; longer duration than standard Selank
- Research status
- Based on Selank pharmacology + acetylation principle; community-reported
- FDA status
- No
- Legal status
- US: Research use only · UK: Legal for research · Canada: Legal research chemical · Australia: Schedule 4 · EU: Unregulated
- Typical price
- $35–$75 / nasal spray vial
Cerebrolysin
aka FPF-1070, FPF 1070, Cerebrolysin N
How it works: A blend of brain growth factors that crosses into the brain to support neuron survival and new connections, studied for memory, stroke, and TBI recovery.
Cognitive enhancement; neuroprotection; recovery from stroke/TBI; Alzheimer's support
Research dose
5-30 mL, Once daily (IM/IV) ×10–20 day course
Real-world (reported)
10–20 mL IM daily ×10–20 days. 2–4 cycles per year. IV administration in clinical settings only.
Administration
IM (most practical); IV (clinical hospital)
Timing
Once daily (morning or afternoon)
Cycle length
10–20 day intensive cycles; 2–4×/year
Real-world figures are community-reported, not medical advice.
Common side effects: Injection-site pain (IM); headache; dizziness; insomnia at high doses; mild GI effects
Community take: [ANECDOTAL – Longecity, r/Nootropics] Strong reputation in longevity and biohacker community. 10 mL IM daily ×10 days described as 'most noticeable cognitive enhancement I've experienced.' Popular in Eastern European clinics.
- Onset
- Acute neuroprotective effects within days; cognitive improvement 2–6 wks
- Half-life
- Variable
- Storage
- Dry: Fridge 2–8°C; never freeze; protect from light; discard any unused portion · Reconstituted: Never freeze (damages the solution); use each ampoule immediately once opened
- Reconstitution
- Pre-filled ampoules — no reconstitution; ready-to-inject solution
- Rare side effects
- Allergic reactions (porcine-derived — rare but possible); seizure threshold lowering at very high doses
- Contraindications
- Pork/porcine allergy; active seizure disorder; pregnancy; renal failure (high doses); Epilepsy or seizure disorder; Severe renal impairment; Hypersensitivity to porcine proteinsFrequency distribution of reported side effe; Antidepressants (MAOIs)
- Drug interactions
- Anticoagulants (caution with IV); anti-epileptics
- Recommended bloodwork
- Cognitive assessments (MMSE, MoCA) pre/post cycle; CBC; renal function baseline
- Stacks well with
- Semax: additive BDNF stimulation. Selank: anxiolytic complement. Epitalon: longevity stack.
- Secondary uses
- Depression; vascular dementia; neurological rehabilitation
- Research status
- Multiple human RCTs (stroke, vascular dementia, Alzheimer's); EU/Russia approved; not FDA approved
- FDA status
- No (EU: approved some countries)
- Legal status
- US: Not FDA-approved; research use; sold as research chemical; imported · UK: Legal to import for research; EU-approved in some countries · Canada: Legal to import for research · Australia: Schedule 4 (Rx) · EU: Approved in Russia, Ukraine, Germany, Austria, China
- Typical price
- $50–$150 / 10 mL ampoule pack
- Research evidence
- moderate
- Indications
- Acute ischemic stroke treatment; Alzheimer's disease therapy; Traumatic brain injury recovery; Vascular dementia treatment
- Chemical data
- CAS 12656-61-0 · Complex mixture · RangePharmacological RoleLow-MW neuropeptides~25%<10 kDa
- Amino acids
- 87 aa
Cortexin
aka brain polypeptide extract
How it works: A blend of brain-derived peptides that protect neurons and support recovery, used in Russia for stroke and TBI rehab.
Cognitive enhancement; neuroprotection; stroke recovery; TBI rehabilitation
Research dose
10-20 mg, Once daily ×10 day course
Real-world (reported)
10 mg IM daily ×10 days; 2–4 cycles/year.
Administration
IM
Timing
Morning
Cycle length
10 days; 2–4×/year
Real-world figures are community-reported, not medical advice.
Common side effects: Injection-site pain (IM); headache; dizziness; rare allergy
Community take: [ANECDOTAL] More widely used Russia/CIS than West. Similar to Cerebrolysin. 10-day IM course standard.
- Onset
- Cognitive improvements 2–4 wks
- Half-life
- Variable
- Storage
- Dry: Fridge 2–8°C; never freeze; protect from light · Reconstituted: Never freeze; use each ampoule immediately
- Reconstitution
- Pre-filled — no reconstitution
- Rare side effects
- Allergic (porcine/bovine); rare seizure threshold effects
- Contraindications
- Pork/beef allergy; seizure disorder; pregnancy
- Drug interactions
- Anti-epileptics; CNS-active compounds
- Recommended bloodwork
- Cognitive assessments; CBC; renal function
- Stacks well with
- Semax: BDNF complement. Cerebrolysin: alternative — choose one.
- Secondary uses
- Memory; neuroplasticity; vascular dementia
- Research status
- Russian/Eastern European clinical approval (stroke, TBI); registered in 15+ countries
- FDA status
- No
- Legal status
- US: Not FDA-approved; research use; Rx in Eastern Europe · UK: Legal to import for research · Canada: Legal to import for research · Australia: Schedule 4 · EU: Approved Russia/CIS; research chemical most EU
- Typical price
- $30–$100 / ampoule pack
Semax Amidate
aka C-terminal amide Semax
How it works: A longer-lasting, more potent version of Semax that sharpens focus and protects neurons by boosting BDNF and NGF.
Enhanced cognitive performance; focus; memory; neuroprotection vs standard Semax
Research dose
200-600 mcg, 1–2×/day
Real-world (reported)
200–400 mcg intranasal morning; 1×/day preferred by many.
Administration
Intranasal / SubQ
Timing
Morning; avoid late day
Cycle length
4–8 wks cyclical
Real-world figures are community-reported, not medical advice.
Common side effects: Mild stimulation; headache; nasal irritation
Community take: [ANECDOTAL] Community split between N-Acetyl Semax and Semax Amidate. Both considered improvements. 'Smoother and longer.'
- Onset
- 30–60 min cognitive effects
- Half-life
- Longer than Semax (~1.5h+)
- Storage
- Dry: Fridge or freeze; light sensitive · Reconstituted: Refrigerate; use within 21 days
- Reconstitution
- Intranasal: use as supplied. Injectable: add 1 mL BAC water.
- Rare side effects
- Same as Semax; limited additional data
- Contraindications
- Same as Semax
- Drug interactions
- Same as Semax
- Recommended bloodwork
- No standard BW
- Stacks well with
- Selank/Selank Amidate: anxiolytic pairing. N-Acetyl Semax: comparison (different modification).
- Secondary uses
- Longer duration; greater BDNF; enhanced BBB penetration
- Research status
- Based on Semax pharmacology + amidation principle; limited published independent data
- FDA status
- No
- Legal status
- US: Research use only · UK: Legal for research · Canada: Legal research chemical · Australia: Schedule 4 · EU: Unregulated
- Typical price
- $35–$75 / nasal spray vial
Selank Amidate
aka C-terminal amide Selank
How it works: A longer-lasting version of Selank, the anti-anxiety nootropic that calms the mind and supports focus through GABA and BDNF.
Enhanced anxiolytic effect; cognitive support; mood stabilization
Research dose
200-500 mcg, 1–2×/day
Real-world (reported)
250–400 mcg intranasal 1–2×/day.
Administration
Intranasal / SubQ
Timing
Any time (non-stimulant)
Cycle length
4–8 wks cyclical
Real-world figures are community-reported, not medical advice.
Common side effects: Mild sedation; nasal irritation; vivid dreams
Community take: [ANECDOTAL] Reported as slightly stronger than standard Selank by some users.
- Onset
- Anxiolytic 30–60 min
- Half-life
- Longer than Selank
- Storage
- Dry: Fridge or freeze; light sensitive · Reconstituted: Refrigerate; 21 days
- Reconstitution
- As supplied or add 1 mL BAC water
- Rare side effects
- Same as Selank; even less data
- Contraindications
- Same as Selank
- Drug interactions
- Same as Selank
- Recommended bloodwork
- No standard BW
- Stacks well with
- N-Acetyl Semax: focus complement. Standard Selank: compare directly.
- Secondary uses
- Greater stability; longer duration than standard Selank
- Research status
- Based on Selank pharmacology + amidation principle
- FDA status
- No
- Legal status
- US: Research use only · UK: Legal for research · Canada: Legal research chemical · Australia: Schedule 4 · EU: Unregulated
- Typical price
- $40–$80 / nasal spray vial
FGL
aka NCAM FG Loop Peptide, NCAM FG loop
How it works: Mimics a brain-cell adhesion signal to encourage new synaptic connections, studied for memory and learning.
Synaptic plasticity; cognitive improvement; Alzheimer's adjunct (research)
Research dose
2-8 mg, Once daily
Real-world (reported)
2–5 mg SubQ daily — extremely limited protocols.
Administration
SubQ / Intranasal
Timing
Any time
Cycle length
4–8 wks cyclical
Real-world figures are community-reported, not medical advice.
Common side effects: Very limited data: headache; mild mood changes
Community take: [ANECDOTAL] Essentially no significant gray-market experience. Preclinical interesting. Extreme biohacker niche only.
- Onset
- Cognitive changes 2–4 wks
- Half-life
- ~4–6h estimated
- Storage
- Dry: Fridge 2–8°C; freeze · Reconstituted: Refrigerate; use within 21 days
- Reconstitution
- Add 1 mL BAC water to 5 mg vial
- Rare side effects
- No human trial safety data
- Contraindications
- Active neurological disease; pregnancy
- Drug interactions
- Other FGFR-modulating compounds
- Recommended bloodwork
- Cognitive assessments; optional BDNF
- Stacks well with
- Semax: BDNF complement. Dihexa: advanced nootropic combination.
- Secondary uses
- Neuroprotection; memory consolidation; neural repair
- Research status
- Preclinical robust; no human clinical trials; very limited gray-market
- FDA status
- No
- Legal status
- US: Research use only · UK: Legal for research · Canada: Legal research chemical · Australia: Schedule 4 · EU: Unregulated
- Typical price
- $50–$200 / 5 mg vial
Humanin
aka Oral / Nasal, Oral/Nasal Humanin, HN intranasal
How it works: Alternative nasal and oral forms of Humanin aimed at reaching the brain directly or the bloodstream, for neuroprotection and metabolic support.
CNS neuroprotection via intranasal route (direct nose-to-brain delivery); systemic metabolic effects via oral (debated bioavailability)
Research dose
1-3 mg, Daily (intranasal) or every other day (oral)
Real-world (reported)
1–2 mg intranasal daily — very experimental.
Administration
Intranasal / Oral
Timing
Any time
Cycle length
4–8 weeks cyclical
Real-world figures are community-reported, not medical advice.
Common side effects: Very limited data by route; headache; nasal irritation (intranasal)
Community take: [ANECDOTAL] Very limited. Intranasal route theoretically superior for CNS effects. Essentially no community data.
- Onset
- CNS effects 1–4 wks (intranasal); systemic weeks
- Half-life
- Variable by route
- Storage
- Dry: Fridge; protect from light · Reconstituted: Refrigerate; use within 14–21 days
- Reconstitution
- Intranasal: add 1 mL BAC water; nasal spray bottle
- Rare side effects
- Same as SubQ Humanin but route-specific bioavailability concerns
- Contraindications
- Same as Humanin; active malignancy; pregnancy
- Drug interactions
- Insulin; metabolic compounds
- Recommended bloodwork
- Cognitive assessments; fasting glucose
- Stacks well with
- HNG: more potent alternative. SS-31: mitochondrial complement.
- Secondary uses
- Alzheimer's; cognitive protection; convenience vs injection
- Research status
- Based on Humanin SubQ pharmacology + intranasal peptide delivery principles
- FDA status
- No
- Legal status
- US: Research use only · UK: Legal for research · Canada: Legal research chemical · Australia: Schedule 4 · EU: Unregulated
- Typical price
- $80–$200 / 5 mg (same as SubQ)
Humanin G
aka HNG, HNG, Gly14-Humanin
How it works: A far more potent version of the mitochondrial peptide Humanin, studied for protecting brain cells and metabolism, especially in Alzheimer's models.
Neuroprotection; Alzheimer's; metabolic cytoprotection; anti-aging
Research dose
0.2-2 mg, Once daily or every other day
Real-world (reported)
0.5–1 mg SubQ daily — very experimental.
Administration
SubQ
Timing
Any time
Cycle length
4–8 weeks
Real-world figures are community-reported, not medical advice.
Common side effects: Very limited data: headache; nausea (rare)
Community take: [ANECDOTAL] Higher potency than Humanin drives interest. Essentially no community experience.
- Onset
- Neuroprotective biomarker 2–4 wks
- Half-life
- Hours
- Storage
- Dry: Freeze –20°C; protect from light · Reconstituted: Refrigerate; use within 21 days
- Reconstitution
- Add 1 mL BAC water to 2 mg vial
- Rare side effects
- No human trial data; 1000× potency amplifies unknown risks
- Contraindications
- Active malignancy; pregnancy; insulin-sensitive conditions
- Drug interactions
- Insulin; metabolic compounds
- Recommended bloodwork
- Fasting glucose; cognitive assessments; CBC
- Stacks well with
- SS-31: mitochondrial stack. MOTS-c: mitokine complement.
- Secondary uses
- Cardiovascular protection; insulin sensitivity; retinal protection
- Research status
- Preclinical extensive; no human clinical trials as HNG
- FDA status
- No
- Legal status
- US: Research use only · UK: Legal for research · Canada: Legal research chemical · Australia: Schedule 4 · EU: Unregulated
- Typical price
- $100–$500 / 2 mg vial
P021
aka Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor-derived Tetrapeptide, P21, Peptide 6, CNTF mimetic
How it works: P21 crosses the blood-brain barrier and increases BDNF levels in the brain, stimulating the formation of new neurons and synaptic connections.
Neurogenesis promotion, cognitive enhancement, Alzheimer's disease neuroprotection, age-related cognitive decline
Research dose
100-500 mcg, [ANECDOTAL] Once daily
Real-world (reported)
SubQ: 100–500 mcg daily; Intranasal: 500 mcg–4 mg daily depending on protocol
Administration
SubQ: 100-500 mcg daily x 4-6 weeks; Intranasally: 500 mcg-1mg daily, increased to 2-4mg for acute effects
Timing
[ANECDOTAL] Morning administration is preferred as P21 may have stimulating effects that could interfere with sleep if taken later in the day.
Cycle length
[ANECDOTAL] 4–6 weeks (SubQ); up to 18 months tolerated in animal studies
Real-world figures are community-reported, not medical advice.
Common side effects: Injection site reactions, Headache, Fatigue; mild irritation, stinging, or congestion at the nasal passages when using intranasal spray administration (local effect related to the delivery method rather than the peptide itself)
Community take: Studies in 3xTg-AD mice suggest that chronic treatment with P021 restores cognitive function, increases neurogenesis and synaptic markers, and reduces Aβ and tau. Community consensus emphasizes preclinical efficacy but acknowledges lack of human trial data.
- Onset
- [ANECDOTAL] P21 effects typically become noticeable within 1-2 weeks of consistent use, with peak cognitive benefits often observed after 4-6 weeks of regular administration.
- Storage
- Dry: Lyophilized P21 should be stored frozen at minus 20 degrees Celsius for long-term storage. · Reconstituted: After reconstitution with bacteriostatic water, store refrigerated at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius and use within 2 to 4 weeks.
- Rare side effects
- Mild gastrointestinal disturbance with oral use, occasional headache or fatigue
- Contraindications
- Safety in humans has not been assessed.
- Secondary uses
- Synaptic plasticity enhancement, tau pathology reduction, BDNF upregulation
- Research status
- There are no clinical trials ongoing that are testing P021, based on ClinicalTrials.gov.
- FDA status
- P21 has not entered any Investigational New Drug (IND) program with FDA; it is a research reagent, not a clinical drug candidate with an active regulatory pathway.
- Legal status
- US: Not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), or any other major regulatory authority for human therapeutic use. The compound is classified as an investigational new drug and is legally available only for research purposes.
- Typical price
- [ANECDOTAL] $40–$152 per vial (vendor-dependent, research chemical pricing)
- Research evidence
- moderate
- Chemical data
- C24H40N8O10 · 600.62 g/mol
- Amino acids
- 4 aa
Dihexa
aka PNB-0408, N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6)-aminohexanoic amide
How it works: Activates HGF/c-Met signaling to form new synaptic connections, potentially enhancing learning and memory.
Cognitive enhancement; memory; learning; neuroplasticity; potential Alzheimer's application
Research dose
4-20 mg, Once daily
Real-world (reported)
8–16 mg oral daily. Very potent — start low. 2–4 week cycles with extended breaks.
Administration
Oral / SubQ
Timing
Morning
Cycle length
2–4 weeks on; 4+ weeks off (limited human data requires caution)
Real-world figures are community-reported, not medical advice.
Common side effects: Limited human data: headache; mood changes; nausea (some reports)
Community take: [ANECDOTAL – Longecity, advanced nootropic users] 'Most potent nootropic I've tried.' Reports of significant memory/learning improvements. Long washout effects (weeks). Small community, limited experience.
- Onset
- Cognitive effects may take 1–2 wks to fully manifest
- Half-life
- ~6–8h estimated
- Storage
- Dry: Room temperature (oral); fridge (injectable) · Reconstituted: Refrigerate; use within 28 days
- Reconstitution
- Oral: no reconstitution. Injectable: add 1 mL BAC water.
- Rare side effects
- Limited long-term human safety data; tumor growth concern (HGF/MET promotes cell proliferation); theoretical cancer risk
- Contraindications
- Active malignancy or cancer history (HGF/MET pathway is pro-proliferative); pregnancy; Not approved for human use; no established contraindications from clinical data; Theoretical contraindication in individuals with active cancer or precancerous c; Pregnancy and breastfeeding (no reproductive toxicity data available)Frequency d; No drug interaction studies have been conducted in humans or animals
- Drug interactions
- Other nootropics affecting BDNF/TrkB pathway
- Recommended bloodwork
- No standard BW; neurological baseline recommended
- Stacks well with
- Semax/N-Acetyl Semax: additive BDNF effects. Selank: anxiolytic complement.
- Secondary uses
- Synaptogenesis; neuroprotection; depression (emerging)
- Research status
- Animal studies (McCoy et al. 2013); no published human clinical trials; FDA PCAC review pending; very limited human data
- FDA status
- No
- Legal status
- US: Research use only; PCAC review pending · UK: Legal for research · Canada: Legal research chemical · Australia: Schedule 4 · EU: Unregulated
- Typical price
- $40–$100 / 50 mg
- Research evidence
- low
- Indications
- Cognitive enhancement research (preclinical); Alzheimer's disease modeling; Neurotrophic factor signaling studies
- Chemical data
- CAS 1401708-83-5 · C27H44N4O5 · 504.66 Da
- Amino acids
- 42 aa
PE-22-28
aka Spadin analog, Spadin C-terminal fragment, TREK-1 blocker, Spadin analog
How it works: Blocks a brain ion channel (TREK-1) to raise serotonin tone, studied as a fast-acting antidepressant approach with BDNF support.
Antidepressant effects; treatment-resistant depression; cognitive enhancement
Research dose
50-200 mcg, Once or twice daily
Real-world (reported)
100 mcg intranasal or SubQ 1–2×/day — no established protocol.
Administration
SubQ / Intranasal
Timing
Any time
Cycle length
4–8 weeks
Real-world figures are community-reported, not medical advice.
Common side effects: Very limited data: mild stimulation; headache; potential mood changes
Community take: [ANECDOTAL – very limited] Essentially no significant gray-market community experience. Extreme biohacker niche only.
- Onset
- Mood effects 1–4 wks
- Half-life
- ~1–2h estimated
- Storage
- Dry: Fridge 2–8°C; freeze long-term; light sensitive · Reconstituted: Refrigerate; use within 21 days
- Reconstitution
- Add 1 mL BAC water to 1 mg vial
- Rare side effects
- No human clinical trial safety data; unknown long-term effects
- Contraindications
- Active psychiatric conditions requiring prescription medication; bipolar disorder; pregnancy; Not approved for human use by any regulatory agency; Theoretical concern with cerebrovascular disease (TREK-1 provides neuroprotectio; Known hypersensitivity to PE-22-28 or any formulation componentFrequency distrib; Theoretical interaction with other potassium channel modulators
- Drug interactions
- Serotonergic antidepressants (theoretical TREK-1 + serotonin interaction)
- Recommended bloodwork
- No standard BW; neurological baseline recommended
- Stacks well with
- Semax: additive BDNF. Selank: anxiolytic complement.
- Secondary uses
- Neuroprotection; anxiolytic; potential neuroplasticity
- Research status
- Preclinical animal data (Moha ou Maati et al. 2012); very limited human data; no clinical trials
- FDA status
- No
- Legal status
- US: Research use only · UK: Legal for research · Canada: Legal research chemical · Australia: Schedule 4 · EU: Unregulated
- Typical price
- $100–$500 / 1 mg
- Research evidence
- low
- Indications
- Antidepressant research; Neurogenesis studies; TREK-1 channel pharmacology; Cognitive enhancement research
- Chemical data
- CAS 1801959-12-5 · C35H55N11O9 · 773.89 Da
- Amino acids
- 7 aa
Pinealon
aka EDR, Glu-Asp-Arg, EDR Peptide
How it works: A short brain peptide that switches on neuron-protecting genes, studied for sleep, cognition, and brain aging.
Cognitive aging protection; neuroprotection; sleep/circadian modulation
Research dose
5-10 mg, Daily ×10 day course
Real-world (reported)
5–10 mg SC daily ×10 days; 2 cycles/year.
Administration
SC / Intranasal
Timing
AM preferred
Cycle length
10 days; 2× per year
Real-world figures are community-reported, not medical advice.
Common side effects: Generally well tolerated; mild injection-site reactions
Community take: [ANECDOTAL] Positive reports of improved mental clarity, memory, sleep during course. Small enthusiast community.
- Onset
- Subjective cognitive improvement 1–2 wks of course
- Half-life
- Hours
- Storage
- Dry: Fridge 2–8°C; freeze long-term · Reconstituted: Refrigerate; use within 28 days
- Reconstitution
- Add 1 mL BAC water to 10 mg vial = 10 mg/mL
- Rare side effects
- Very limited Western safety data
- Contraindications
- Active malignancy; pregnancy; Pregnancy and lactation: no human safety data; epigenetic DNA/histone interactio; Active or recent cancer: preclinical signals of anti-apoptotic and proliferative; Immunocompromised individuals: Pinealon reduces neutrophil ROS/respiratory burst
- Drug interactions
- No significant documented interactions
- Recommended bloodwork
- Cognitive assessments; optional BDNF
- Stacks well with
- Epitalon: anti-aging stack. Cortagen: brain + heart Khavinson protocol.
- Secondary uses
- Brain anti-aging; memory preservation; anti-Alzheimer's (preclinical)
- Research status
- Russian Khavinson lab animal and limited human studies; no Western RCTs
- FDA status
- No
- Legal status
- US: Research use only · UK: Legal for research · Canada: Legal research chemical · Australia: Schedule 4 · EU: Unregulated
- Typical price
- $30–$70 / 10 mg vial
- Research evidence
- low
- Indications
- Neuroprotection and cognitive function research; Peptide bioregulation studies; Epigenetic modulation investigations; Aging and neurodegeneration research
- Chemical data
- C15H24N4O9 · 404.37 Da
- Amino acids
- 17 aa
Klotho
aka alpha-Klotho, alpha-Klotho, KL1 fragment, KP1
How it works: A longevity hormone that declines with age; restoring it improved cognition in primate studies and is researched for brain and kidney aging.
Cognitive enhancement; anti-aging; renal protection; cognitive protection in aging
Real-world (reported)
NO ESTABLISHED HUMAN PROTOCOL
Administration
IV (clinical research)
Timing
Research only
Cycle length
Research only
Real-world figures are community-reported, not medical advice.
Common side effects: No human therapeutic data; protein injection immune reactions possible
Community take: [ANECDOTAL] Bryan Johnson and similar self-experimenters referenced. Dramatic primate cognition data drives extreme interest. Very limited human experience.
- Onset
- Research only
- Half-life
- Protein biology
- Storage
- Dry: Freeze –20°C; extremely fragile · Reconstituted: On ice; use immediately; never refreeze
- Reconstitution
- Sterile water; fragile protein
- Rare side effects
- Immunogenicity; unknown effects; very fragile compound
- Contraindications
- ALL until Phase 1/2 safety established; malignancy; pregnancy; No formal contraindications established as klotho peptides have not entered huma; Theoretical concern with TGF-beta inhibitors in patients with active wounds or i; Theoretical concern with Wnt inhibitors in patients with osteoporosis or bone di; TGF-beta pathway therapeutics
- Drug interactions
- None established — research only
- Recommended bloodwork
- Klotho serum (ELISA); FGF23; phosphate; cognitive assessments
- Stacks well with
- SS-31 + MOTS-c: mitochondrial longevity protocol.
- Secondary uses
- Cardiovascular protection; phosphate metabolism; longevity
- Research status
- Animal studies exceptional (lifespan extension in overexpression mice); primate cognition study; Phase 1 UCSF beginning
- FDA status
- No
- Legal status
- US: Research only; Phase 1 beginning at UCSF · UK: Legal for research · Canada: Legal research chemical · Australia: Schedule 4 · EU: Unregulated
- Typical price
- $500–$5000+ / mg (research grade)
- Research evidence
- low
- Indications
- Anti-fibrotic therapy for chronic kidney disease (preclinical); Diabetic kidney disease treatment (preclinical); Cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection (preclinical, full protein); Anti-aging research; Vascular calcification prevention in CKD (preclinical)
- Chemical data
- C149H203N39O43 · 3228.42 Da
- Amino acids
- 74 aa
Conantokin G
aka CGX-1007, Con-G, CGX-1007, Conantokin-G
How it works: A 17 amino acid peptide that selectively inhibits NR2B subunits of NMDA receptors with potential therapeutic applications for pain management.
Pain management, seizure prevention, neuroprotection
Research dose
1-100 mcg
Administration
Administered directly into the central nervous system, most preferably intrathecally.
Common side effects: Well-tolerated and does not display many of the typical NMDAR antagonist-induced side effects.
- Secondary uses
- Ischemic stroke neuroprotection, anti-apoptotic effects
- Research status
- CGX-1007 has received investigational new drug status by the US Food and Drug Administration with Phase I (safety) clinical trials recently completed.
Substance P
aka Neuropeptide, SP, Tachykinin
How it works: Substance P is released by neurons when experiencing painful stimuli and helps transmit pain messages to the brain and spinal cord.
Pain transmission and modulation, nausea and vomiting prevention, depression/mood disorders, inflammation
Research dose
10-250 nmol/kg
Administration
Intravenous injection; intracerebral infusion
Common side effects: Mood worsening, increased REM latency, increased time awake, increased cortisol and thyroid stimulating hormone
- Half-life
- Not explicitly stated in sources
- Rare side effects
- Stevens–Johnson syndrome, neutropenia, angioedema, QT prolongation (with NK antagonists)
- Secondary uses
- Colitis, dental pain, anxiety disorders, stress response
- Research status
- Phase II Clinical Trials; Active Research
- FDA status
- Not directly approved as therapeutic peptide; NK1 antagonists (aprepitant) approved for chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting
NAD+
aka Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, NAD, Beta-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
How it works: NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a critical coenzyme found in every living cell, essential for mitochondrial energy production, DNA repair, and cellular signaling. NAD+ levels decline significantly with age, and this decline is implicated in metabolic dysfunction, neurodegeneration, and accelerated aging. Research into NAD+ replenishment through direct supplementation and precursors (NM
Anti-aging and longevity research; Neurodegenerative disease research (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's); Metabolic health and mitochondrial dysfunction studies; Cellular repair and DNA damage response research; Addiction and substance use disorder clinical trials
Administration
IV
Timing
IV sessions require 2-8 hours in clinical setting; oral NR/NMN typically taken in the morning
Cycle length
4-8 week loading phase IV; ongoing for oral precursors
- Half-life
- : ~
- Storage
- Dry: Lyophilized powder at -20C; reconstituted solution use within 24 hours
- Reconstitution
- Normal saline (0.9% NaCl) 250-500 mL for IV
- Contraindications
- Active malignancy under treatment (theoretical concern that NAD+ may support can; Known hypersensitivity to NAD+ or any formulation excipients; Severe hepatic impairment (altered NAD+ metabolism and precursor handling)Freque; Chemotherapy agents: NAD+ may theoretically enhance cancer cell DNA repair via P
- Research status
- Preclinical
- FDA status
- Not approved
- Legal status
- US: Investigational
- Research evidence
- moderate
- Indications
- Anti-aging and longevity research; Neurodegenerative disease research (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's); Metabolic health and mitochondrial dysfunction studies; Cellular repair and DNA damage response research; Addiction and substance use disorder clinical trials
- Chemical data
- CAS 53-84-9 · C21H27N7O14P2 · 663.43 Da
- Amino acids
- 138 aa
Neuropeptide Y
aka NPY
How it works: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid endogenous peptide and one of the most abundant neuropeptides in the brain. It acts through Y1, Y2, Y4, and Y5 receptor subtypes to regulate appetite, anxiety, stress response, and circadian rhythms. Reduced NPY levels are associated with PTSD and depression. Intranasal NPY delivery has been tested in early clinical trials for major depression, showing preli
PTSD and stress resilience research; Depression treatment research; Appetite and energy homeostasis studies; Anxiety and mood regulation research
Administration
Intranasal
Timing
Delivered via nasal atomizer device; intranasal route bypasses blood-brain barrier for direct CNS delivery
Cycle length
Single administration
- Half-life
- ~15-
- Contraindications
- Not approved for human use by any regulatory agency; Caution in individuals with cardiovascular disease (NPY causes vasoconstriction; Caution in individuals with eating disorders or obesity (NPY stimulates appetite; Potential interaction with antihypertensive medications (NPY causes vasoconstric
- Research status
- Approved
- FDA status
- FDA approved
- Legal status
- US: Investigational
- Research evidence
- moderate
- Indications
- PTSD and stress resilience research; Depression treatment research; Appetite and energy homeostasis studies; Anxiety and mood regulation research
- Chemical data
- CAS 82785-45-3 · C190H287N55O57 · 4253.72 Da
- Amino acids
- 240 aa
ACTH4-10Pro8-Gly9-Pro10
aka ACTH 4-10, Semax
How it works: ACTH 4-10 functions as a neuroprotective compound that regulates the inflammatory cascade following acute spinal cord injury by increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13). The mechanism appears to involve modulation of secondary injury processes, particularly neuroinflammation, through upregulation of anti-inflammatory signaling pathways.
Spinal cord injury recovery, neuroprotection, brain ischemia treatment
Administration
Intranasal
Common side effects: None reported in this study
- Secondary uses
- Anti-inflammatory cytokine regulation
- Research status
- Preclinical — rat model studies ongoing
ACTH(4-7)PGP
aka Semax
How it works: ACTH-like peptides modulate gene expression in brain regions affected by ischemic damage. The peptides significantly reduce disturbances in neurotransmitter function and inflammatory response pathways caused by ischemia, normalizing the profile of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both penumbra-associated and ischemic core regions of the brain.
Neuroprotection in ischemic stroke, ischemic brain injury recovery
Community take: ACTH(4-7)PGP (Semax) shows neuroprotective potential in preclinical ischemic stroke models, with differential effectiveness depending on brain region and degree of ischemic damage. The peptide modulates hundreds of genes associated with inflammation and neurotransmitter function.
- Research status
- Preclinical (Rat model studies)
TLQP-21
aka VGF-derived peptide; 21 amino acids derived from VGF precursor, VGF-derived peptide, C-terminal VGF peptide
How it works: TLQP-21 targets the complement-3a receptor1 (C3aR1) to regulate metabolism and immune function.
Obesity management; lipolysis; energy expenditure; microglial modulation; neuroprotection; pain modulation
Research dose
2-32 nmol, Research dosing varies; chronic dosing studied via osmotic pump and daily injections
Administration
Intracerebroventricular injection (i.c.v.); intravenous (i.v.); intraperitoneal (i.p.)
Common side effects: Thermal hyperalgesia (when applied spinally)
- Onset
- Acute effects measurable within hours; chronic effects over weeks to 28 days
- Half-life
- Terminal half-life of ~110 min with an initial half-life of ~0.97 min
- Rare side effects
- Application of exogenous TLQP-21 induced dose-dependent thermal hyperalgesia, which was inhibited by p38 MAPK inhibitors and COX/lipoxygenase inhibitors
- Secondary uses
- Alzheimer's disease progression; gastric motility regulation; reproduction
- Research status
- Preclinical and investigational
Klotho KL1 Domain
aka Longevity Factor Klotho - KL1 Structural Repeat, KL1, KL1 domain, KL1 internal repeat
How it works: KL1 induces metabolic remodeling of the hippocampus and enhances cognition while countering cognitive aging.
kidney fibrosis prevention, cognitive enhancement, anti-aging, neuroprotection, cellular senescence inhibition
Research dose
10-10 μg/kg, Single dose (preclinical studies)
Administration
Subcutaneous injection; intravenous injection (preclinical mouse models)
Common side effects: Not reported in preclinical studies; full-length Klotho elevation causes calcium/phosphorus metabolism disturbance
- Onset
- Acute metabolic effects within 4 hours; cognitive effects assessed 24-40 hours post-dose
- Half-life
- Not explicitly stated in available literature
- Storage
- Dry: Standard protein storage conditions recommended; Klotho protein is unstable and affected by freeze-thaw
- Contraindications
- High serum Klotho causes disturbance of calcium and phosphorus metabolism such as hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia, but KL1 domain treatment suppresses pancreatic cancer without disturbing phosphate levels
- Secondary uses
- COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury amelioration, pancreatic cancer suppression, oxidative stress resistance
- Research status
- Preclinical; Phase 1b clinical trials underway for full-length Klotho (related approach)
- FDA status
- Not approved; preclinical research stage
Klotho-derived Peptide 1
aka KP1, KP1, Klotho-derived peptide, KL1 domain peptide
How it works: KP1 mimics the anti-fibrotic action of Klotho by constraining TGF-β signaling.
Kidney fibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, cellular senescence inhibition
Administration
Intravenous injection; exhibits highly selective accumulation in injured liver after intravenous injection
- Half-life
- Not explicitly stated in reviewed literature
- Secondary uses
- Cognitive enhancement, anti-inflammatory effects, longevity support
- Research status
- Preclinical; mouse models of renal and hepatic fibrosis
Carnosine
aka L-carnosine, beta-alanyl-L-histidine
How it works: Carnosine is an endogenous dipeptide composed of beta-alanine and L-histidine, found at high concentrations in skeletal muscle and brain tissue. It functions as an intracellular pH buffer, antioxidant, and anti-glycation agent. Clinical trials at the phase 2 level have investigated oral carnosine supplementation (1-2 g/day) for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, cognitive function in elderly pop
Anti-aging and longevity support; Glycemic control in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes; Cognitive function support in elderly populations; Exercise performance via intracellular pH buffering; Neuroprotection and brain health
Administration
Oral
Timing
Take as oral capsules (typically two 500 mg capsules daily). No specific timing requirements; most studies used dosing with meals.
Cycle length
12-14 weeks
- Half-life
- Oral carnosine is rapidly hydrolyzed by serum carnosinase (CN1) with a plasma ha
- Contraindications
- No absolute contraindications established for carnosine at standard supplementat; Caution in individuals with very low blood pressure due to potential blood-press; Pregnancy and lactation: insufficient safety data; not recommended during pregna; Histidine metabolism disorders: theoretical concern in rare inherited conditions
- Research status
- Phase 2
- FDA status
- Not approved
- Legal status
- US: Investigational
- Research evidence
- moderate
- Indications
- Anti-aging and longevity support; Glycemic control in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes; Cognitive function support in elderly populations; Exercise performance via intracellular pH buffering; Neuroprotection and brain health
- Chemical data
- CAS 305-84-0 · C9H14N4O3 · 226.23 Da
- Amino acids
- 12 aa
Davunetide
aka NAP, AL-108, CP201
How it works: Davunetide (NAP, AL-108) is an eight-amino-acid neuroprotective peptide (NAPVSIPQ) derived from activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP). It stabilizes microtubules and has been studied for neurodegenerative diseases including progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and Alzheimer's disease. A phase 2/3 trial in PSP (Boxer et al., 2014) failed to show efficacy, and the developer Allon Therape
Neuroprotection research in tauopathies; ADNP syndrome therapeutic development; Microtubule stabilization studies
Administration
Intranasal
Timing
Administered as a nasal spray solution. Intranasal delivery provides direct CNS access via olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways.
Cycle length
52 weeks
- Half-life
- Short plasma half-life; intranasal delivery provides direct CNS access
- Contraindications
- Not approved for any therapeutic use; Known hypersensitivity to davunetide or formulation excipientsFrequency distribu; No significant drug interactions identified in clinical trials; Theoretical interaction with other microtubule-targeting agents (taxanes, vinca
- Research status
- Phase 2
- FDA status
- Not approved
- Legal status
- US: Withdrawn From Market
- Research evidence
- moderate
- Indications
- Neuroprotection research in tauopathies; ADNP syndrome therapeutic development; Microtubule stabilization studies
- Chemical data
- CAS 211439-12-2 · C36H60N10O12 · 824.93 Da
- Amino acids
- 42 aa
Nemifitide
aka INN-00835, Netamiftide
How it works: Nemifitide (INN-00835) is a synthetic pentapeptide analog of melanocyte-inhibiting factor (MIF-1) developed as a rapid-onset antidepressant. Clinical trials have demonstrated onset of action within 5-7 days, compared to 2-6 weeks for standard antidepressants. It is administered by subcutaneous injection and has shown a favorable safety profile in over 430 subjects across 12 clinical trials. Develo
Major depressive disorder (investigational); Treatment-resistant depression (investigational); Rapid-onset antidepressant research
Administration
SC
Timing
Daily subcutaneous injection for 5 consecutive days; extended protocols use 10 consecutive days
Cycle length
5-10 days
- Half-life
- 15-
- Contraindications
- Not approved for human use by any regulatory agency; Known hypersensitivity to nemifitide or formulation components; Caution in patients with serotonergic medication interactionsFrequency distribut; Theoretical interaction with serotonergic medications (SSRIs, SNRIs, MAOIs) due
- Research status
- Phase 3
- FDA status
- Not approved
- Legal status
- US: Withdrawn From Market
- Research evidence
- moderate
- Indications
- Major depressive disorder (investigational); Treatment-resistant depression (investigational); Rapid-onset antidepressant research
- Chemical data
- CAS 204992-09-6 · C33H43FN10O6 · 694.76 Da
- Amino acids
- 238 aa
Oveporexton
aka TAK-861, Suntinorexton
How it works: Oveporexton (TAK-861) is a first-in-class oral orexin receptor 2 (OX2R)-selective agonist developed by Takeda for the treatment of narcolepsy type 1 (NT1). It activates OX2R with an EC50 of 2.5 nM and exhibits approximately 3000-fold selectivity over OX1R. In two pivotal Phase 3 trials (FirstLight and RadiantLight), oveporexton met all primary and secondary endpoints, significantly improving wakef
Narcolepsy type 1 (excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy); Narcolepsy type 2 (under investigation)
Administration
Oral
Timing
Taken as oral tablets twice daily (morning and evening); onset of clinical improvement observed within the first weeks of treatment
Cycle length
12 weeks (Phase 3)
- Half-life
- Not publicly disclosed; supports once-daily and twice-daily oral dosing regimens
- Contraindications
- No specific contraindications have been formally established as oveporexton is i; Patients with severe hepatic impairment should be evaluated individually (althou; Caution in patients with pre-existing insomnia or sleep-onset difficulty, as ove; Orexin receptor antagonists (suvorexant, lemborexant): C
- Research status
- Phase 3
- FDA status
- Not approved
- Legal status
- US: Investigational
- Research evidence
- high
- Indications
- Narcolepsy type 1 (excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy); Narcolepsy type 2 (under investigation)
- Chemical data
- CAS 2460722-04-5 · C23H25F5N2O4S · 520.52 Da
- Amino acids
- 170 aa
Rapastinel
aka GLYX-13, BV-102
How it works: Rapastinel (GLYX-13) is an amidated tetrapeptide (Thr-Pro-Pro-Thr-NH2) that acts as a functional partial agonist at the NMDA receptor glycine site. Developed by Naurex (later acquired by Allergan), rapastinel received FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation in 2016 for adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder based on phase 2 data showing rapid-onset antidepressant effects within 2 hours of
Adjunctive treatment of treatment-resistant depression (discontinued); NMDA receptor modulation research; Rapid-acting antidepressant mechanism studies
Administration
IV
Timing
Administered as IV infusion in clinical trial setting only. Effects onset within 2 hours and lasted up to 7 days from a single dose in phase 2.
Cycle length
Single dose to repeated weekly dosing
- Half-life
- Approximately 15-
- Contraindications
- Not approved for any therapeutic use (clinical development discontinued); Known hypersensitivity to rapastinel or any excipientFrequency distribution of r; Concomitant antidepressants: Phase 3 trials evaluated rapastinel as adjunctive t; Other NMDA receptor modulators (ketamine, memantine): Theoretical pharmacodynami
- Research status
- Phase 2
- FDA status
- Not approved
- Legal status
- US: Withdrawn From Market
- Research evidence
- moderate
- Indications
- Adjunctive treatment of treatment-resistant depression (discontinued); NMDA receptor modulation research; Rapid-acting antidepressant mechanism studies
- Chemical data
- CAS 117928-94-6 · C18H31N5O6 · 413.47 Da
- Amino acids
- 219 aa
Example stacks
Cognitive - Beginner
Semax intranasally is the most accessible and well-studied starting point. Fast-acting, easy to dose, well-tolerated. Short cycles prevent tolerance.
- • Take in the morning - stimulating effect impacts sleep if taken late
- • Use a clean dropper, tilt head back slightly
- • Cycle 2-4 weeks on, 2 weeks off
Cognitive - Intermediate
Semax drives cognitive performance while Selank addresses anxiety-driven cognitive impairment. Together they produce a focused-but-calm state.
- • Alternate nostrils or allow 5 minutes between each
- • Selank is especially effective on high-stress days
- • Use before cognitively demanding tasks
Community outcome data
Collected from users researching this goal. Not a clinical database - for general reference only.
Share your experience
Your experience helps others research this goal. All submissions are anonymous.
Ready to actually use this research?
FREETwo tools that turn this research into something you can actually use - no signup needed.
For educational and research purposes only. Not medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before using any research compound.